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2 Different studies, different indicators, different conclusions

Turning then to taking stock of our current knowledge, we can distinguish three strands of research. (1) One group of studies has concentrated on the necessity and prerequisite for a “truly” European public sphere. (2) A second group of studies has focused on specific cases and specific segments amongst which a European public sphere is or has been in existence. (3) A third group of studies has focused on the indicators and extent to which Europeanization in the national public spheres can be identified.

 2.1 The Utopian
 2.2 The Elitist
 2.3 The Realist

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